18,
5,6-dihydro-9,10-dimetoksibentso(g)-1,3-bentsodioksoli (5,6-a)
kinolitsiumi;
kemian
avuin ilmaistuna tämä aine on berberiini. Nimi
berberine otettiin käyttöön vuonna 1830, kun Buchner ja Herberger
tekivät ruostehappomarjasta puhdistettua keltaista uutetta; tätä
ainetta kutsuttiin myös nimellä hydrastine. Berberiini
on alkaloidi, jolla
on
suojaava
vaikutus
useita
kasvitauteja
vastaan. Berberiiniä
on käytetty muinaisista
ajoista lähtien
luonnonlääkkeenä monien
ihmisten sairauksien ehkäisyssä ja hoidossa Intiassa,
Kiinassa,
Koreassa, Persiassa,
Etelä-Amerikassa
ja Euroopassa.
Ensimmäinen
maininta Berberis aristata-kasvin marjojen verta puhdistavasta
vaikutuksesta löytyy Assyyrian keisarin Ashurbanibalin ajoilta -noin
vuodelta 650 ennen ajanlaskun alkua – savitauluista. Uskomattoman
monet tieteellisen tarkasti tehdyt ja
julkaistut tutkimukset puoltavat berberiinin käyttöä etenkin
sokeri- ja rasva-aineenvaihdunnan tasapainottamiseen sekä sydän- ja
mielenterveysongelmien ja syöpätautien ehkäisyyn ja täydentävään
hoitoon sekä
diabeteksen ja Alzheimerin taudin hoitoon.
Berberiinin
ei ole
todettu kuormittavan
maksaa eikä munuaisia, vaan päinvastoin berberiini
suojelee
maksaa
ja munuaisia
lääkkeiltä ja myrkyllisiltä aineilta.
Berberiini
on
ammoniumsuola, joka kuuluu
isokinoliiniryhmän alkaloideihin. Monien
kasvien, kuten ruostemarjat (Berberis vulgaris), (Berberis aristata),
hurmejuuri (Hydrastis canadensis) ja (Coptis chinensis), juuret,
varret ja kuoret sisältävät berberiiniä. Voimakkaan keltaisen
väristä berberiiniä käytetään Pohjois-Intiassa villakankaiden,
nahan ja puun värjäämiseen. Berberiiniä käytetään samoin
histologiassa – kun
tutkitaan kudoksia - solujen
värjäämiseen. Ultraviolettivalossa
berberiini tuottaa voimakkaan keltaisen fluoresenssin.
Berberiinin
tiedetään läpäisevän helposti veriaivoesteen (BBB, Blood-Brain-Barrier) ja siksi se pääsee
vaikuttamaan tehokkaasti aivoissa. Berberiini
on myös tehokas antioksidantti, polyfarmaseuttinen yhdiste, joka
vastustaa ja heikentää kroonista matala-asteista tulehdusta,
hillitsee allergioita ja valtimonkovetustautia sekä alkoholista
johtuvaa muistin heikkenemistä. Kaukoidässä
berberiiniä on käytetty bakteerien, virusten, hiivan,
sienten
ja loisten tehokkaaseen torjuntaan. Berberiini estää RNA ja DNA:n
synteesiä. Berberiini tuo helpotusta kohonneeseen verensokeriin sekä
hapettuneeseen ox-LDL-kolesteroliin sekä triglyserideihin ja muihin
haitallisiin veren rasvoihin. Sangen
monien lääkkeiden kanssa berberiini soveltuu yhteiskäyttöön
aiheuttamatta lääkkeille tyypillisiä sivuvaikutuksia. Jotta
berberiinistä olisi apua ja sen käyttö turvallisella tasolla, on
suositeltava päiväannos 1-1,5 grammaa. Berberiiniä
ei voi suositella henkilälle, jolla on autonomisen hermoston
häiriötila, vagotonia, ja siksi hyvin harva syke, alle 50 lyöntiä minuutissa. Samoin varovaisesti pitää suhtautua berberiiniin
raskauden aikana, imetyksen aikana sekä lapsille annettaessa, sillä
näistä ryhmistä on vielä verrattain vähän tutkimustietoa
olemassa.
Berberiini
lukeutuu luonnollisiin AMPK:n säätäjiin. AMPK taas on elimistömme
entsyymijärjestelmä, joka
säätää ja tunnustelee jokaisen solumme energiataloutta ja
aineenvaihdunnan tasapainoa. AMPK:n aktiivisuus heikkenee iän
karttuessa sekä monissa aineenvaihduntasairauksissa, kuten diabetes,
lihavuus, osteoporoosi, sydän- ja verisuonisairauksissa,
munuaistaudeissa ja syövissä. AMPK:ta löytyy maksasta, lihaksista,
aivoissa ja muissa kudoksissa. Yhdysvaltojen terveysviraston
ylläpitämässä PubMed-tietokannassa löytyy melkein 5 700
tieteellistä tutkimusta berberiinistä. Seuraavassa
lähdeluettelossa on osa tästä tutkimusmateriaalista:
Xiong
P, Niu L, Talaei S, et al. The effect of berberine supplementation on
obesity indices: A dose- response meta-analysis and systematic review
of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Clinical
Practice. 2020;39:101113. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101113 Ilyas
Z, Perna S, Al-Thawadi S, et al. The effect of Berberine on weight
loss in order to prevent obesity: A systematic review [published
online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 27]. Biomedicine and Pharmacother.apr
2020;127:110137. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110137.
Free Access Di
Pierro F, Bertuccioli A, Giuberti R, Saponara M, Ivaldi L. Role of a
berberine-based nutritional supplement in reducing diarrhea in
subjects with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Minerva
Gastroenterologica e Dietologica. 2020;66(1):29–34.
doi:10.23736/S1121-421X.19.02649-7
Free
Access (muista kirjoittaa safety code, niin koko artikkeli avautuu). Long Y, Yang Q,
Xiang Y, et al. Nose to brain drug delivery - a promising strategy
for active components from herbal medicine for treating cerebral
ischemia reperfusion [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8].
Pharmacological Research. 2020;104795. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104795
Liu
H, You L, Wu J et al. Berberine Suppresses Influenza Virus-Triggered
NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages by Inducing Mitophagy
and Decreasing Mitochondrial ROS. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2020
Apr 9[Online
ahead of print].
Hu
Q, Peng Z, Li L, et al. The Efficacy of Berberine-Containing
Quadruple Therapy on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication in China: A
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
Frontiers on Pharmacology. 2020;10:1694. Published 2020 Feb 4.
doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01694
Free Access.
Habtemariam
S. Berberine Pharmacology and the Gut Microbiota: A Hidden
Therapeutic Link [published online ahead of print, 2020 Feb 24].
Pharmacological Research. 2020;104722.
doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104722.
Kong
WJ, Vernierib C, Foiani M, Jiang JD. Berberine in the treatment of
metabolism-related chronic diseases: A drug cloud (dCloud) effect to
target multifactorial disorders [published online ahead of print,
2020 Jan 27]. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2020;107496.
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107496.
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XN, Xin Lau NJ, Chellappan DK, et al. Immunological axis of berberine
in managing inflammation underlying chronic respiratory inflammatory
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J, Wu Q, Jiang J, et al. Berberine reduces inflammation of human
dental pulp fibroblast via miR-21/KBTBD7 axis [published online ahead
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Q, He WJ, Wu YS, Hao HJ, Xie XY, Fu XB. Berberine: A Traditional
Natural Product With Novel Biological Activities [published online
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A, Juma S, Bader M, et al. The Biological Activity of Natural
Alkaloids against Herbivores, Cancerous Cells and Pathogens. Review.
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A, Pawlik L, Fichna J. Berberine as a potential therapeutic agent in
the treatment of acute pancreatitis
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Q, He WJ, Wu YS, Hao HJ, Xie XY, Fu XB. Berberine: A Traditional
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M, Fekri HS, Ahmadi Z, et al. Therapeutic and biological activities
of berberine: The involvement of Nrf2 signaling pathway. Journal of
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Xin
BC, Wu QS, Jin S, Luo AH, Sun DG, Wang F. Berberine Promotes
Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Through
Activating EGFR-MAPK-Runx2 Pathways.Patholology Oncology Research.
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C, Wang Y, Ma SR, et al. Berberine inhibits adipocyte
differentiation, proliferation and adiposity through down-regulating
galectin-3. Scientific Reports. 2019 Sep 16;9(1):13415. doi:
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M, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. Effect of Berberine on C-reactive
protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized
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G, Ye F, Zhang S. Berberine ameliorates NSAIDs-induced intestinal
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P, Rasool M. Berberine mitigates IL-21/IL-21R mediated autophagic
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X, Sureda A, Jafari S, et al. Berberine in Cardiovascular and
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A, Zhou J, Mekala N, Welchko R, Rosca M, Li L. Berberine protects
against cytokine-induced inflammation through multiple pathways in
undifferentiated C2C12 myoblast cells. Canadian Journal of Physiology
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SK, Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S. Berberine and musculoskeletal disorders:
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S, Zhang X, Xu M, et al. Berberine downregulates CDC6 and inhibits
proliferation via targeting JAK-STAT3 signaling in keratinocytes.
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YH, Sun W, Zhou BJ, et al. iTRAQ-based pharmacoproteomics reveals
potential targets of berberine, a promising therapy for ulcerative
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A, Mercorelli B, Messa L, et al. The isoquinoline alkaloid berberine
inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication by interfering with the
viral Immediate Early-2 (IE2) protein transactivating activity.
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M, Hosseinzadeh H. Berberine and barberry (Berberis vulgaris): A
clinical review. Phytotherapy Research. 2019 Jan 13. doi:
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CL, Tan LH, Wang YF, et al. Comparison of anti-inflammatory effects
of berberine, and its natural oxidative and reduced derivatives from
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G, Zhao M, Qiu F, Sun Y, Zhao L. Pharmacokinetic interactions and
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an open-label, randomized, parallel study in healthy Chinese
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W, Yin N, Tao W, Wang Q, Fan H, Wang Z. Berberine suppresses
IL-33-induced inflammatory responses in mast cells by inactivating
NF-κB and p38 signaling. International Immunopharmacology. 2018 Nov
13;66:82-90. .doi:
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YQ, Fu YJ, Wu S, et al. Anti-influenza activity of berberine improves
prognosis by reducing viral replication in mice. Phytotherapy
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MA, Metwaly MS, Al-Quraishy S. Berberine improves the intestinal
antioxidant status of laboratory mice, Mus musculus. Saudi Journal of
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Zhang
HN, Sun YJ, He HQ, Li HY, Xue QL, Liu ZM, Xu GM, Dong LH. Berberine
promotes nerve regeneration through IGFR‑mediated JNK‑AKT
signal pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2018 Sep 24. doi:
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Neag
MA, Mocan A, Echeverría J, Pop RM, Bocsan CI, Crişan G, Buzoianu
AD. Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction
Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and
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Yang
S, Yu Z, Sun W, et al. The antiviral alkaloid berberine ameliorates
neuropathic pain in rats with peripheral nerve injury. Acta
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El-Horany
HE, Gaballah HH, Helal DS. Berberine ameliorates renal injury in a
rat model of D-galactose-induced aging through a PTEN/Akt-dependent
mechanism. Archives of Physiol0gu and Biochemistry. The Journal of
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Y, Liu T, Zhou Y, Dou T, Yang Q. Glycoside hydrolase family 18 and 20
enzymes are novel targets of the traditional medicine berberine.
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M, Chen X, Wang J, Polypharmacology of Berberine Based on
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SX, Qiu G, Cheng FR, et al. Berberine Protects Secondary Injury in
Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury Through Anti-oxidative and
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F, Keikha S. Berberine protects the liver and kidney against
functional disorders and histological damages induced by ferrous
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Z, Li XB, Peng ZC, et al. Berberine Protects against NEFA-Induced
Impairment of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Function and Insulin
Signaling in Bovine Hepatocytes. International Journal of Molecular
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X, Bian B, Gao X. The Potential Mechanisms of Berberine in the
Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Molecules 2016,
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Wang
L, Ye X, Hua Y, Song Y. Berberine alleviates adipose tissue fibrosis
by inducing AMP-activated kinase signaling in high-fat diet-induced
obese mice. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2018 May 28;105:121-129.
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10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.110.
Yu
Y, Zhao Y, Teng F, Li J, Guan Y, Xu J, Lv X, Guan F, Zhang M, Chen L.
Berberine Improves Cognitive Deficiency and Muscular Dysfunction via
Activation of the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1a Pathway in Skeletal Muscle from
Naturally Aging Rats. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging.
2018;22(6):710-717. doi:
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N, Sharma B. Toxicological Effects of Berberine and Sanguinarine.
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Meng
FC, Wu ZF, Yin ZQ, Lin LG, Wang R, Zhang QW. Coptidis rhizoma and its
main bioactive components: recent advances in chemical investigation,
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J, Zhang Y. Neuroprotective effect of berberine agonist against
impairment of learning and memory skills in severe traumatic brain
injury via Sirt1/p38 MAPK expression. Molecular Medicine Reports.
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Shen Q, et al. Rhizoma Coptidis and Berberine as a Natural Drug to
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Yang Z, Wang Q, Ma K, Shi P, Liu W, Huang
Z. Fluconazole inhibits the cellular ergosterol synthesis to confer
synergism to berberine against yeast cells. Journal of Global
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Y, Kuai CX, Qiu ZX, Huang F. Berberine Ameliorates Diabetic
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XF, Zhang L, Zhang CH, et al. Berberine alleviates oxidative stress
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AM, Hozayen WG, Ramadan SM. Berberine ameliorates
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X, Yue H, Guo X, Yang J, Liu J, Liu J, Wang R, Zhu W. The
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JH, Liu XZ, Pan W, Zou DJ. Berberine protects against diet-induced
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K, Feng X, Chai L, et al. The metabolism of berberine and its
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